Prof Fiona Walter
Director (Faculty)
Fiona co-leads CanTest with Willie Hamilton – while she leads on faculty, capacity-building and educational aspects, Willie leads on research.
Director of the Wolfson Institute of Population Health at Queen Mary University of London, Fiona joined in April 2021 after serving as Reader in Primary Care Cancer Research in the Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care at the University of Cambridge. Fiona retains close ties with the Cancer Group there as a Honorary Senior Visiting Fellow, on work that focuses on primary care oncology and the patient pathway, using a wide range of approaches including mixed methods and trials set in general practice.
Fiona is a member of the NIHR-Department of Health’s Policy Research Unit for cancer awareness, screening and early diagnosis. She also has a portfolio of global cancer research, including studies on cancer prevention and early detection in Australia; on improving outcomes for women with breast and cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa – AWACAN; and on symptomatic lung cancer outcomes in the US.
Fiona has been a member of Cancer Research UK’s Early Detection and Diagnosis Research Committee since inception. She is also a member of the CRUK Cambridge Centre’s Early Detection programme steering committee, member of the NCRI Screening, Prevention and Early Diagnosis (SPED) group, and ex-chair of the NCRI Primary Care Clinical Studies Group’s Early Diagnosis sub-group.
Follow Fiona on Twitter @fmw22
Queen Mary University of London, UK
- A systematic review to evaluate whether dermoscopy can be used accurately and effectively in primary care to improve the timely diagnosis of melanoma
- Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for prostate cancer diagnosis in primary care
- International comparison of FIT use across the globe in primary care symptomatic patients: A narrative view
- Establishing the diagnostic accuracy, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of haemoglobin in faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) in the English primary care symptomatic population: a cohort study in the East of England
- Establishing the diagnostic accuracy of haemoglobin in faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) and establishing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for FITs in the English primary care symptomatic population: A cohort study in the South West of England
- Understanding missed diagnostic opportunities in bladder and kidney cancer
- Tests and tools for the detection of ovarian cancer in primary care
- Melanoma risk assessment and tailored prevention in general practice
- The clinical utility, feasibility and clinical utility of a genomic test to target bowel cancer screening
- Non-invasive diagnostic techniques for endometrial cancer in primary care (PhD)
- The CRISP Trial: an RCT of computer decision support for risk-stratified colorectal cancer screening in primary care
- Establishing which modalities of artificial intelligence machine learning (AI/ML) for early detection and diagnosis of cancer are ready for implementation in primary care in the NHS: a Systematic Review
- CanTest Network Analysis
- Optimising diagnostic strategies for patients presenting to primary care with upper abdominal symptoms to improve the pathway to the early detection of pancreatic cancer
- Wales Interventions and Cancer Knowledge about Early Diagnosis
- The failure to follow up abnormal test results associated with undiagnosed prevalent cancer in primary care
- Non-invasive diagnostic techniques for endometrial cancer in primary care
- Examination of Diagnostic Pathways of People with Lung Cancer (PhD)
- Development of risk prediction models for breast, ovarian and prostate cancer
- Determining which biomarkers are ready for evaluation in primary care for use in early detection and diagnosis of gastro-intestinal cancers: a systematic review
- Understanding and implementing artificial intelligence technologies to improve skin cancer assessment in primary care settings (PhD)
- Conceptual framework for early symptomatic diagnosis of cancer
- Development and pilot testing of measurement tool for diagnosis of lung cancer
- SCRIPT: an RCT of genomic-based stratified colorectal cancer screening in primary care
- CanImpact: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer detection in primary care
- Experiences along the diagnostic pathway for patients with advanced lung cancer
- Associations between co-morbidities, route to diagnosis and stage in lung cancer: a cohort study using routinely collected data
- Patterns of clinical features prior to diagnosis in patients with colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study
- Diagnostic performance of biomarkers for bladder cancer suitable for primary care: a systematic review
- Primary care models for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: the ProsDetect study
- Diagnostic prediction models for ovarian cancer in primary care (Ovatools): an external validation study
- Rubin G, Walter FM, Emery J, and de Wit N. Reimagining the diagnostic pathway for gastro-intestinal cancer. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2018; doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2018.1
- Stanciu MA, Law R-J, Nafees S, Hendry M, Yeo ST, Hiscock J, Lewis R, Edwards RT, Williams NH, Brain K, Brocklehurst P, Carson-Stevens A, Dolwani S, Emery J, Hamilton W, Hoare Z, Lyratzopoulos G, Rubin G, Smits S, Vedsted P, Walter FM, Wilkinson C, Neal RD. Development of an intervention to expedite cancer diagnosis through primary care: Protocol. BJGP Open, 4 September 2018; bjgpopen18X101595
- Mendonca SC, Abel GA, Gildea C, McPhail S, Peake MD, Rubin G, Singh H, Hamilton W, Walter FM, Roland MO, Lyratzopoulos G. Associations between general practice characteristics with use of urgent referrals for suspected cancer and endoscopies: a cross-sectional ecological study. Family Practice, 2018, cmy118
- Walter FM, Penfold C, Joannides A, Saji S, Johnson M, Watts C, Brodbelt A, Jenkinson MD, Price SJ, Hamilton W, Scott SE. Missed opportunities for diagnosing brain tumours in primary care: a qualitative study of patient experiences. Br J Gen Pract, 2019, bjgp19X701861. DOI: 10.3399/bjgp19X70186
- Scott SE, Penfold C, Saji S, Curtis S, Watts C, Hamilton W, Joannides AJ, Walter FM. ‘It was nothing that you would think was anything’: Qualitative analysis of appraisal and help seeking preceding brain cancer diagnosis. PLoS ONE, 2019, 14:3, e02135
- Zhou Y, Funston G, Lyratzopoulos G, Walter FM. Improving the Timely Detection of Bladder and Kidney Cancer in Primary Care. Advances in Therapy, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-00966-x
- Jones OT, Jurascheck LC, Utukuri M, Pannebakker MM, Emery J, Walter FM. Dermoscopy use in UK primary care: a survey of GPs with a special interest in dermatology. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2019, doi: 10.1111/jdv.15614
- Walter FM, Thompson MJ, Wellwood I, Abel GA, Hamilton W, Johnson M, Lyratzopoulos G, Messenger MP, Neal RD, Rubin G, Singh H, Spencer A, Sutton S, Vedstead P, Emery JD. Evaluating diagnostic strategies for early detection of cancer: the CanTest framework. BMC Cancer, 2019, 19:586
- Renzi C, Kaushal A, Emery J, Hamilton W, Neal RD, Rachet B, Rubin G, Singh H, Walter FM, de Wit NJ, Lyratzopoulos G. Comorbid chronic diseases and cancer diagnosis: disease-specific effects and underlying mechanisms. Nature Reviews: Clinical Oncology, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41571-019-0249-6
- Amelung D, Whitaker KL, Lennard D, Ogden M, Sheringham J, Zhou Y, Walter FM, Singh H, Vincent C, Black G. Influence of doctor-patient conversations on behaviours of patients presenting to primary care with new or persistent symptoms: a video observation study. BMJ Quality & Safety, doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2019-009485
- Moodley J, Scott SE, Mwaka AD, Constant D, Githaiga JN, Stewart TS, Payne A, Cairncross L, Somdyala NIM, Walter FM. Development and validation of the African Women Awareness of CANcer (AWACAN) tool for breast and cervical cancer. PLoS ONE, 2019, 14(8):e0220545
- Jones OT, Jurascheck LC, van Melle MA, Hickman S, Burrows NP, Hall PN, Emery J, Walter FM. Dermoscopy for melanoma detection and triage in primary care: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 2019, 9:e027529
- Merriel SWD, Hardy V, Thompson M, Walter FM, Hamilton W. Patient-centered outcomes from multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and MRI-guided biopsy for prostate cancer: A systematic review. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 2019, S1546-1440(19)31032-4
- Zhou Y, van Melle M, Singh H, Hamilton W, Lyratzopoulos G, Walter FM. Quality of the Diagnostic Process in Patients Presenting with Symptoms Suggestive of Bladder or Kidney Cancer: A Systematic Review. British Medical Journal Open, 2019, 2019;9:e029143. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029143
- Funston G, Van Melle M, Ladegaard Baun M-L, Jensen H, Helsper C, Emery J, Crosbie EJ, Thompson M, Hamilton W, Walter FM. Variation in the initial assessment and investigation for ovarian cancer in symptomatic women: a systematic review of international guidelines. BMC Cancer, 2019, 19:1028 doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6211-2
- Jones OT, Ranmuthu CKI, Hall PN, Funston G, Walter FM. Recognising Skin Cancer in Primary Care. Advances in Therapy, 2019, 1-14, doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-01130-1
- Walter FM, Pannebakker MP, Barclay ME, Mills K, Saunders CL, Murchie P, Corrie P, Hall P, Burrows N, Emery JD. Effect of a Skin Self-monitoring Smartphone Application on Time to Physician Consultation Among Patients With Possible Melanoma: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 2020, doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0001
- Habgood E, Walter FM, O’Hare E, McIntosh J, McCormack C, Emery JD. Using an electronic self-completion tool to identify patients at increased risk of melanoma in Australian primary care. Austalasian Journal of Dermatology, 2020, doi: 10.1111/ajd.13244
- Zhou Y, Abel GA, Hamilton W, Singh H, Walter FM, Lyratzopoulos G. Imaging activity possibly signalling missed diagnostic opportunities in bladder and kidney cancer: A longitudinal data-linkage study using primary care electronic health records. Cancer Epidemiology, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101703
- van Melle M, Yep Manzano S, Wilson H, Hamilton W, Walter FM, Bailey SER. Faecal immunochemical test to triage patients with abdominal symptoms for suspected colorectal cancer in primary care: review of international use and guidelines. Family Practice, 2020. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmaa043
- Jones OT, Calanzani N, Saji S, Duffy SW, Emery J, Hamilton W, Singh H, de Wit N, Walter F. Application of artificial intelligence to electronic health records for early detection and diagnosis of cancer in primary care: a Systematic Review. JMIR, 2020:23483, doi: 10.2196/preprints.23483
- Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, O’Donovan M, Maroni R, Muldrew B, Debiram-Beecham I, Gehrung M, Offman J, Tripathi M, Smith SG, Aigret B, Walter FM, Rubin G, the BEST3 Trial Team, Sasieni P. Cytosponge-trefoil factor 3 versus usual care to identify Barrett’s oesophagus in a primary care setting: a multicentre, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 2020, 396(10247): 333-344, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31099-0
- Archer S, De Villiers CB, Scheibl F, Carver T, Hartley S, Lee A, Cunningham AP, Easton DF, McIntosh JG, Emery J, Tischkowitz M, Antoniou AC, Walter FM. Evaluating clinician acceptability of the prototype CanRisk tool for predicting risk of breast and ovarian cancer: A multi-methods study. PLoS ONE, 2020, 15(3): e0229999, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229999
- Moodley J, Constant D, Mwaka AD, Scott SE, Walter FM. Mapping awareness of breast and cervical cancer risk factors, symptoms and lay beliefs in Uganda and South Africa. PLOS One, 2020, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240788
- Helsper CW, Campbell C, Emery J, Neal RD, Li L, Rubin G, van Weert H, Vedsted P, Walter FM, Weller D, Nekhlyudov L. Cancer has not gone away: A Primary Care perspective to support a balanced approach for timely cancer diagnosis during COVID-19. Euro J Cancer Care, 2020, e13290, doi: 10.1111/ecc.13290
- Funston G, Hamilton W, Abel G, Crosbie EJ, Rous B, Walter FM (2020) The diagnostic performance of CA125 for the detection of ovarian and non-ovarian cancer in primary care: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 17(10): e1003295. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003295
- Funston G, Hardy V, Abel, G, Crosbie EJ, Emery J, Hamilton W, Walter FM. Identifying Ovarian Cancer in Symptomatic Women: A Systematic Review of Clinical Tools. Cancers 2020, 12, 3686. doi: 10.3390/cancers12123686
- Calanzani N, Druce PE, Snudden C, Milley KM, Boscott R, Behiyat D, Saji S, Martinez Gutierrez J, Oberoi J, Funston G, Messenger M, Emery J, Walter FM. Identifying Novel Biomarkers Ready for Evaluation in Low-Prevalence Populations for the Early Detection of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review. Adv Ther (2020). doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01571-z
- Arendse KD, Walter FM, Pilling M, Zhou Y, Hamilton W, Funston G. Time from presentation to pre-diagnostic chest X-ray in symptomatic lung cancer patients: a cohort study using electronic patient records. British Journal of General Practice, 2020, bjgp20X714077, doi: 10.3399/bjgp20X714077
- Bailey SER, Abel GA, Atkins A, Byford R, Davies S-J, Mays J, McDonald TJ, Miller J, Neck C, Rennison J, Thomas P, Walter FM, Warren S, Hamilton W. Diagnostic performance of a faecal immunochemical test for patients with low-risk symptoms of colorectal cancer in primary care: an evaluation in the South West of England. British Journal of Cancer, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41416-020-01221-9
- Zhou Y, Walter FM, Singh H, Hamilton W, Abel GA, Lyratzopoulos. Prolonged Diagnostic Intervals as Marker of Missed Diagnostic Opportunities in Bladder and Kidney Cancer Patients with Alarm Features: A Longitudinal Linked Data Study. Cancers, 2021, 13(1): 156, doi: 10.3390/cancers13010156
- Koo MM, Unger-Saldana K, Mwaka AD, Corbex M, Ginsburg O, Walter FM, Calanzani N, Moodley J, Rubin GP, Lyratzopoulos G. Conceptual Framework to Guide Early Diagnosis Programs for Symptomatic Cancer as Part of Global Cancer Control. JCO Global Oncology, 2021 Jan: 7:35-45, doi: 10.1200/GO.20.00310
- Forster AS, Rubin G, Emery J, Thompson M, Sutton S, de Wit N, Walter FM, Lyratzopoulos G. Measuring patient experience of diagnostic care and acceptability of testing. De Gruyter, 2021, doi: 10.1515/dx-2020-0112
- Jones OT, Calanzani N, Saji S, Duffy SW, Emery J, Hamilton W, Singh H, de Wit NJ, Walter FM. Artificial Intelligence Techniques That May Be Applied to Primary Care Data to Facilitate Earlier Diagnosis of Cancer: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res, 2021;23(3):e23483. doi: 10.2196/23483
- Funston G, Mounce LTA, Price S, Rous B, Crosbie EJ, Hamilton W, Walter FM. CA125 test result, test-to-diagnosis interval and stage in ovarian cancer: a cohort study using electronic health records. BJGP, doi: 10.3399/BJGP.2020.0859
- Carver T, Hartley S, Lee A, Cunningham AP, Archer S, Babb de Villiers C, Roberts J, Ruston R, Walter FM, Tischkowitz M, Easton DF, Antoniou AC. CanRisk Tool – A web interface for the prediction of breast and ovarian cancer risk and the likelihood of carrying genetic pathogenic variants. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2021, doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-1319
- Mills K, Paxton B, Walter FM, Griffin SJ, Sutton S, Usher-Smith JA. Incorporating a brief intervention for personalised cancer risk assessment to promote behaviour change into primary care: a multi-methods pilot study. BMC Public Health, 2021, 21:205, doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10210-3
- Moodley J, Constant D, Mwaka AD, Scott SE, Walter FM. Anticipated help seeking behavior and barriers to seeking care for possible breast and cervical cancer symptoms in Uganda and South Africa. Ecancer, 2021, 15:1171, doi: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1171
- Nnaji CA, Kuodi P, Walter FM, Moodley J. Effectiveness of interventions for improving timely diagnosis of breast and cervical cancers in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open, 2020;10:e042788. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042788
- Harries J, Scott SE, Walter FM, Mwaka AD, Moodley J. Women’s appraisal, interpretation and help-seeking for possible symptoms of breast and cervical cancer in South Africa: a qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health, 2020; 20: 251, doi: 10.1186/s12905-020-01120-4
- Calanzani N, Chang A, Van Melle Marije, Pannebakker MM, Funston G, Walter FM. Recognising Colorectal Cancer in Primary Care. Advance in Therapy, 2021, 1-15, doi: 10.1007/s12325-021-01726-6
- Achkar MA, Zigman Suchland M, Walter FM, Neal RD, Goulart BHL, Thompson MJ. Experiences along the diagnostic pathway for patients with advanced lung cancer in the USA: a qualitative study. BMJ Open, 2021; 11:e045056, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045056
- Archer S, Calanzani N, Honey S, Johnson M, Neal R, Scott SE, Walter FM. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer assessment in primary care: a qualitative study of GP views. BJGP Open, 2021, doi: 10.3399/BJGPO.2021.0056
- Funston G, Abel G, Crosbie EJ, Hamilton W, Walter FM. Could Ovarian Cancer Prediction Models Improve the Triage of Symptomatic Women in Primary Care? A Modelling Study Using Routinely Collected Data. Cancers, 2021. doi:10.3390/cancers13122886
- Funston G, Mounce LTA, Price S, Rous B, Crosbie EJ, Hamilton W, Walter FM. CA125 test result, test-to-diagnosis interval, and stage in ovarian cancer at diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. British Journal of General Practice, 2021; 71 (707): e465-e472. DOI: 10.3399/BJGP.2020.0859
- Habgood E, McCormack C, Walter FM, Emery JD. Patients’ Experiences of Using Skin Self-monitoring Apps With People at Higher Risk of Melanoma: Qualitative Study. JMIR Dermatol 2021;4(2):e22583 doi: 10.2196/22583
- Martins T, Walter FM, Penfold C, Abel G, Hamilton W. Primary care use by men with symptoms of possible prostate cancer: A multi-method study with an ethnically diverse sample in London. European journal of cancer care, 2021. doi:10.1111/ecc.13482
- Moodley J, Harries J, Scott SE, Mwaka AD, Saji S, Walter FM. Exploring primary care level provider interpretation and management of potential breast and cervical cancer signs and symptoms in South Africa. ecancer, 2021;15 1298. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2021.1298
- Mwaka AD, Walter FM, Scott S, et al. Symptom appraisal, help-seeking and perceived barriers to healthcare seeking in Uganda: an exploratory study among women with potential symptoms of breast and cervical cancer. BMJ Open, 2021;11:e041365. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041365
- Rubin G, Walter FM, Emery J, Hamilton W, Hoare Z, Howse J, Nixon C, Srivastava T, Thomas C, Ukoumunne OC, Usher-Smith JA, Whyte S, Neal RD. Electronic clinical decision support tool for assessing stomach symptoms in primary care (ECASS): a feasibility study. BMJ Open, 2021;11:e041795. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041795
- Merriel SWD, Pocock L, Gilbert E, Creavin S, Walter FM, Spencer A, Hamilton W. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for the detection of prostate cancer in symptomatic patients. BMC Med 20, 54 (2022). doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-02230-y
- Lee A, Yang X, Tyrer J, Archer S, Walter FM, et al. Comprehensive epithelial tubo-ovarian cancer risk prediction model incorporating genetic and epidemiological risk factors. Journal of Medical Genetics, Nov 2021. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-107904
- Harrison H, Usher-Smith JA, Li L, Roberts L, Lin Z, Thompson RE, Rossi SH, Stewart GD, Walter FM, Griffin S, Zhou Y. Risk prediction models for symptomatic patients with bladder and kidney cancer: a systematic review. British Journal of General Practice. 2021: doi:10.3399/BJGP.2021.0319
- Hardy V, Yue A, Archer S, Merriel SWD, Thompson M, Emery J, Usher-Smith J, Walter FM. Role of primary care physician factors on diagnostic testing and referral decisions for symptoms of possible cancer: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022;12:e053732. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053732
- de Groot E, Vermond D, Sills VA, Mol SSL, Walter FM, Rubin G, DE Wit NJ. Factors determining development of researchers within a research network on cancer diagnosis in primary care (CanTest): An interview study. BMJ Open 2022;12:e046321. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046321
- Zhou Y, Walter FM, Mounce L, Abel GA, Singh H, Hamilton W, Stewart GD, Lyratzopoulos G. Identifying opportunities for timely diagnosis of bladder and renal cancer via abnormal blood tests: a longitudinal linked data study. British Journal of General Practice. Dec 2021; doi: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0282
- Vermond D, de Groot E, Sills VA, Lyratzopoulos G, Walter FM, de Wit NJ, Rubin G. The evolution and co-evolution of a primary care cancer research network: From academic social connection to research collaboration. PLoS ONE 17(7): e0272255 2022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272255
- Funston G, Crosbie EJ, Hamilton W, Walter FM. Detecting ovarian cancer in primary care: can we do better? British Journal of General Practice 2022; 72 (720): 312-313. doi: 10.3399/bjgp22X719825
- Jones OT, Matin RN, van der Schaar M, Prathivadi Bhayankaram K, Ranmuthu CKI, Islam MS, Behiyat D, Boscott R, Calanzani N, Emery J, Williams HC, Walter FM. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms for early detection of skin cancer in community and primary care settings: a systematic review. The Lancet Digital Health June 2022. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00023-1
- Merriel SWD, Archer S, Forster AS, Eldred-Evans D, McGrath J, Ahmed HU, Hamilton W, Walter FM. Experiences of ‘traditional’ and ‘one-stop’ MRI-based prostate cancer diagnostic pathways in England: a qualitative study with patients and GPs. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054045. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054045
- Calanzani N, Pannebakker MM, Tagg MJ, Walford H, Holloway P, de Wit N, Hamilton W, Walter FM. Who are the patients being offered the faecal immunochemical test in routine English general practice, and for what symptoms? A prospective descriptive study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e066051. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066051
- Black GB, van Os S, Renzi C, Walter FM, Hamilton W, Whitaker KL. How does safety netting for lung cancer symptoms help patients to reconsult appropriately? A qualitative study. BMC Prim. Care 23, 179 2022. doi: 10.1186/s12875-022-01791-y
- Moullet M, Funston G, Mounce LTA, Abel GA, de Wit N, Walter FM, Zhou Y. Pre-diagnostic clinical features and blood tests in patients with colorectal cancer: a retrospective linked-data study. British Journal of General Practice June 2022; BJGP.2021.0563. doi: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0563
- Sarma EA, Walter FM, Kobrin SC. Achieving Diagnostic Excellence for Cancer: Symptom Detection as a Partner to Screening. JAMA. 2022; 328(6):525–526. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.11744
- Zigman Suchsland M, Kowalski L, Burkhardt HA, Prado MG, Kessler LG, Yetisgen M, Au MA, Stephens KA, Farjah F, Schleyer AM, Walter FM, Neal RD, Lybarger K, Thompson CA, Achkar MA, Sarma EA, Turner G, Thompson M. How Timely Is Diagnosis of Lung Cancer? Cohort Study of Individuals with Lung Cancer Presenting in Ambulatory Care in the United States. Cancers. 2022; 14(23):5756. doi: 10.3390/cancers14235756